It’s the end of a long summer day. Bath time is done, pajamas are on, and you’re settling onto the couch with your child. They snuggle up under your arm, and the faint smell of their shampoo reaches your nose. You grab the remote to turn on the TV, and hug them in a little tighter. Everything is perfect. The TV begins playing their favorite show, and as you settle in for a little screen time, you realize there’s just one thing that could make this moment even more perfect:
A systematic review and meta-analysis of every study that’s ever been done on kids’ screen time.
Well, good news! A new study in JAMA Pediatrics offers an incredibly comprehensive overview of the research on screens for young kids. Even better news: the study offers nice, concrete takeaways for families on how best to use (and not use) screens.
Let’s get to it!
What did the researchers do?
So many parents worry about their children getting “too much” screen time, but research increasingly shows that the type of screen time often matters more than the amount. So, what actually makes a difference when it comes to screens and children’s development? For this new study, a (large) team of Australian researchers decided to find out.
Here’s how they did it:
- They identified all studies on the topic of screen use and emotional or cognitive development in kids (ages 0 to 6)
- They reviewed 12,000+ studies, ultimately narrowing down to 100 studies that fit their criteria
- They combined the results of these 100 studies into a systematic review(translation: a study that reviews all previous relevant studies on a topic by using a comprehensive methods to find all relevant research) and meta-analysis(translation: a study that statistically combines all previous data so you can see trends across studies)
- These studies included 176,742 children (ages 0 to 6) from 30 different countries
They used the following definitions:
- Screen use included any use of electronic devices, such as TV, tablets, computers, and smartphones for video or streaming content, apps, electronic/console gaming, social media, or any use of the internet.
- Cognitive development included the development of language, executive functioning, and academic skills
- Psychosocial development included the development of social-emotional skills, psychological/mental health concerns, and behavioral problems
The researchers looked closely at each study to separate out types of screen use (rather than overall amount). This included:
- Age-appropriate versus adult content
- TV program viewing versus gaming or app use
- Co-use with an adult/sibling versus solo use
- Background TV exposure
- Caregiver screen use
- Use of screens as a calming tool
And the survey—er, meta-analysis—says…
So, what did the researchers find? Here are the key takeaways for parents:
1. Avoid using screens while interacting with our kids, including during meals and playtime
It’s unrealistic to think that we’ll never look at our phones when around our kids, but it makes sense to minimize this whenever possible. Across studies, when parents’ tech use frequently interrupted interactions with their children (i.e., “technoference”), children showed worse psychosocial outcomes. In particular, when parents are distracted by their screens, children may show more behavioral problems to get their attention, or they may miss out on opportunities to learn social-emotional skills from parents.
2. Choose age-appropriate, high-quality content for our kids
Studies found that when kids watched more age-inappropriate content (e.g., violence, mature content), it was associated with worse psychosocial outcomes. Alternatively, watching shows that are educational or focused on social-emotional skills (like sharing and being kind) can enhance literacy and emotional development. Studies also show potential benefits of interactive media use, like apps, versus passive viewing. Unsure whether something is age-appropriate? Check out Common Sense Media’s movie, game, app, and TV show reviews.
3. Use screens together with our kids when possible
Using screens together (“co-use” or “co-viewing”) is linked to better cognitive outcomes in kids, like language development and executive functioning. Yes, sometimes the whole point of using screens is to give ourselves a break (or a chance to cook dinner, or send an email), but when we can, it’s good to join our kids in their screen time, and turn it into a conversation whenever possible.
Try asking your child questions about what they’re seeing (How do you think Daniel Tiger is feeling about going in the pool?), explaining anything they might not understand (It looks like Daniel has to get out of the pool because there’s a storm coming), and making connections with their real world experience (Remember how you felt a little nervous before your swim lesson, too?).
4. Avoid having TV on in the background
When TV is on in the background, kids have more difficulty focusing attention on whatever else they are doing, whether that’s talking to parents, playing with toys, or generally learning from their environments. This may be why studies have found that frequent background TV is associated with worse cognitive and psychosocial outcomes.
5. Don’t worry too much about “fast-paced” content
The research on pacing of shows, videos, or games is very mixed— some studies find a negative impact of faster-paced shows, some find a positive impact, and most find no impact at all. So, if a show is age-appropriate and high-quality, and your child seems to do well with it, there’s no need to pay much attention to “pacing.”
6. Be careful about using screens to calm kids down
It makes sense to try teaching our kids other strategies for managing strong feelings (e.g., deep breaths, talking about their feelings, taking some space), rather than handing them a device when they’re upset. The researchers only found a few studies on this issue, though, so we need more research going forward.
Where do we go from here?
When it comes to research on little kids and screens, this study is the best we’ve got right now. It summarizes all prior studies on this topic, and gives us some direction on what to focus on as parents. But one side effect of analyzing everything we know on a topic is that it also makes very obvious everything we don’t know.
It reveals that many studies on this topic cannot tell us whether screens are causing these outcomes, only that they are associated.It shows that our measures of screen use are imperfect, often lumping together behaviors (e.g., “TV program viewing”) without considering what’s happening in those programs.
And, as always, it reminds us that the research can only get us so far.
We can take away these useful general principles (watch screens with our kids when possible, avoid background TV, etc.), but what does this actually mean day-to-day? How much, and what type of background TV is actually problematic? How often should we be trying to watch screens together with our kids? Every time? Half the time? Once in a while? If we have a 3-year-old and an 11-month-old, and we want to watch Daniel Tiger together with the 3-year-old, what on earth are we supposed to do with the 11-month-old besides let him watch, too?
That said, if there’s one key takeaway from this study, it is this: all screen time is not created equal. Context matters. When it comes to screens, we may be better off focusing less on how much our families are using them, and more on how.
Learn more about parenting in the digital age at our CharlottesvilleFamily Tom Tom panel discussion, Raising Happy Connected Kids in the Digital Age on April 17, 2025. Here is a simple summary of the best-selling“Anxious Generation”.
DR. CARA DAMIANO GOODWIN, PhD, is a licensed clinical psychologist and a Charlottesville mother to four children. She received a PhD in child clinical psychology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, a Master’s in Developmental Psychiatry from Cambridge University, and a Master’s in Child Psychology from Vanderbilt University. Dr. Goodwin completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Duke University. She specializes in child development and has spent years researching child psychology and neuroscience and providing therapy and clinical services for children of all ages. She has published 18 research articles in peer-reviewed academic journals, written two book chapters, and completed numerous conference presentations. Dr. Goodwin translates recent scientific research into information parents can access and implement in their everyday lives through her Instagram account @parentingtranslator and her website: www.ParentingTranslator.com.
DR. JACQUELINE NESI is a psychologist, researcher, and leading expert on technology and kids. Dr. Nesi writes Techno Sapiens, a research-backed newsletter on how technology and social media impact mental health in children. Some of her recent newsletters include: Should Schools Ban Phones? and How to Let Go of Screen Time Guilt.
